One of the most ubiquitous and hardy cichlids in the hobby. Named for their black-and-white prison stripe pattern, Convicts are infamous for their intense aggression, especially when breeding (which they do readily). They are intelligent, wet pets that rearrange their tank décor constantly. Best kept in species-only tanks or with other robust Central American cichlids.
At a Glance
Tank Requirements
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Water Parameters
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Temperament & Compatibility
Available Varieties
Each variety inherits the species defaults above. Only differences are highlighted.
Standard / Male
The wild-type male. Grows larger than females and may develop a nuchal hump. Highly aggressive.
Differs in 1 trait from base species
Also known as: Black Convict, Zebra
Female
Smaller than the male with distinct orange/gold scales on the lower belly. While smaller, she is equally vicious when guarding eggs or fry.
Differs in 2 traits from base species
Pink / Leucistic
A leucistic color morph (not albino). Lacks the black bars, appearing creamy white or pink. Care and aggression are identical to the Black Convict.
Differs in 1 trait from base species
Also known as: Gold Convict, White Convict, Pink Convict
Short Body / Polar Blue
A hybrid (likely Convict x Blood Parrot) or line-bred mutation resulting in a round, 'jellybean' shape. They are slower swimmers but still aggressive.
Differs in 4 traits from base species
Also known as: Polar Blue Parrot, Balloon Convict, Platinum Parrot
Convict Cichlid Care Guide Summary
The Convict Cichlid, scientifically known as Amatitlania nigrofasciata, belongs to the Cichlids - Central American family group. Adults reach a maximum size of approximately 15 cm and have a compressed body shape with a moderate growth rate. Classified as aggressive, this species primarily occupies the mid-level and bottom zones of the aquarium and produces a high level of biological waste.
To thrive, the Convict Cichlid requires a freshwater only aquarium with a minimum volume of 75 litres and a tank length of at least 75 cm. Water temperature should be maintained between 22°C and 28°C, with a pH range of 6.5–8 and a general hardness of 6–20 dGH. A moderate water flow is preferred. An aquarium test kit can help you monitor these values.
Due to its specialist needs, the Convict Cichlid is best suited for fishkeepers who can provide a carefully planned setup. This species is available in 4 varieties: Standard / Male, Female, Pink / Leucistic, and Short Body / Polar Blue. Each may differ slightly in size, temperament, or care needs, so it is worth checking the specific requirements of the variety you plan to keep.
Convict Cichlid Habitat Setup
When setting up an aquarium for the Convict Cichlid, a moderate water flow best suits their natural preferences. Because this species occupies the mid-level and bottom zones, the aquarium layout should prioritise open swimming space in the centre of the tank for free movement and sufficient floor space with hiding spots among rocks, wood, or dense planting. Useful additions include a sand substrate to accommodate their sifting behaviour, smooth gravel or rounded substrate to protect their sensitive barbels, and driftwood, which can serve as both a hiding place and a dietary supplement. Keepers should note that expect substrate disturbance, so lightweight décor should be secured and live planted layouts may be difficult to maintain, as this species tends to uproot or consume vegetation. Browse aquarium sand substrate options to find the best fit.
Convict Cichlid Compatibility Notes
Classified as aggressive, the Convict Cichlid is adaptable and can be kept singly or in a small group, offering flexibility when planning a community tank. When choosing tankmates, avoid housing with slow-moving or long-finned species that may become targets for fin nipping and territorial behaviour may cause issues if hiding spots or floor space are limited. Selecting tankmates that favour different water layers from the mid-level and bottom zones can help reduce competition and territorial overlap.
Recommended Tank Sizes
Standard aquarium sizes that meet the minimum volume and length requirements for Convict Cichlid.
20 Gallon Long
29 Gallon Standard
30 Gallon Breeder
36 Gallon Bowfront
40 Gallon Breeder
55 Gallon Standard
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Frequently Asked Questions About Convict Cichlid
How big does Convict Cichlid get?
Convict Cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) typically reaches a maximum adult size of approximately 15 cm. They have a compressed body shape and a moderate growth rate.
What tank size does Convict Cichlid need?
A minimum aquarium volume of 75 litres and a tank length of at least 75 cm are recommended for Convict Cichlid. This ensures enough swimming space and helps maintain stable water conditions.
What water parameters does Convict Cichlid need?
Convict Cichlid thrives in freshwater only conditions with a temperature range of 22–28°C, a pH between 6.5 and 8, and a general hardness of 6–20 dGH. A moderate water flow is preferred.
Is Convict Cichlid peaceful or aggressive?
Convict Cichlid is classified as aggressive with an aggression score of 8 out of 10. Careful tankmate selection is essential to avoid conflict.
Can Convict Cichlid live alone?
Yes, Convict Cichlid can be kept singly or in a group. They are flexible and adapt well to both setups.
Does Convict Cichlid have any special tank requirements?
Yes. Convict Cichlid benefits from sand (sifters), driftwood (digestion/hiding), and smooth gravel (sensitive barbels) in the aquarium. These features help replicate their natural habitat and promote overall health and well-being.
Similar Species
Keyhole Cichlid
Cleithracara maronii
A remarkably peaceful and shy South American cichlid, named for the distinctive keyhole-shaped black marking on its flank. Unlike many of its cousins, it rarely digs or destroys plants and makes an excellent resident for a peaceful community tank. When stressed or frightened, it can rapidly mottle its colors to blend in with its surroundings.
Jaguar Cichlid
Parachromis managuensis
A massive, apex predator from Central America known for its striking jaguar-like pattern and extreme aggression. Jaguars are highly intelligent, wet-pet fish but require enormous aquariums and heavy filtration. They will consume any fish that fits in their mouth and aggressively rearrange their environment.
Jack Dempsey
Rocio octofasciata
A robust, highly territorial Central American cichlid named after the aggressive 1920s boxer, William 'Jack' Dempsey. They exhibit beautiful iridescent blue, green, and gold spangling over a dark background. As aggressive diggers and plant destroyers, they require a tank with sturdy decor. They are best kept as a single wet pet or in a large tank with other similarly sized, robust Central American cichlids.
Texas Cichlid
Herichthys cyanoguttatus
The Texas Cichlid is the only cichlid species native to the United States. Known for their striking pearlescent blue/green spots and extreme territorial behavior, they require large tanks and robust filtration. They are notorious for rearranging aquariums, digging massive pits, and destroying live plants.
Flowerhorn Cichlid
Hybrid cichlid (Amphilophus cross)
A man-made hybrid cichlid famous for its vibrant colors, extreme interactive personality, and the large nuchal hump (kok) on its head. They are incredibly aggressive 'wet pets' that will attack hands, tank mates, and equipment. They have a massive bioload, dig constantly, and must almost always be kept completely alone.
Red Devil Cichlid
Amphilophus labiatus
A massive, extremely aggressive Central American cichlid. Aptly named, the Red Devil is highly intelligent, interactive, and famous for 'glass-banging' at their owners. They are powerful diggers that will uproot plants and rearrange decor. Because of their sheer aggression and jaw strength, they are almost exclusively kept as 'wet pets' in solitary setups.